Consider the integral

a. Solve the integral directly.

b. Solve the integral using the change of variables x = g(u) defined by

(Hint: Sketch the regions of integration and g^–1().)

a.

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b. The region of integration for integral [2.175] is a triangle. By expressing its corners in terms of u₁ and u₂, we can determine the region of integration after the change of variables. This is graphed below.

Determining the new bounds of integration takes some care. Recall that integration works by dividing the region of integration into "slices" and then taking the limit as the width of those slices goes to zero. There are various ways you can slice a region. An integral's bounds of integration indicate the specific manner in which that integral slices the region. Determining our new bounds of integration entails three steps:

1. Based upon its bounds of integration, determine how the original integral slices the original (x₁, x₂)  region of integration.

2. Based upon g, transform those slices of the original region of integration in (x₁, x₂) space into corresponding slices in the new region of integration in (u₁, u₂) space.

3. Based upon the slices in (u₁, u₂) space, determine the new bounds of integration.

The following exhibit indicates how the original integral slices the original region of integration.

The gold arrows indicate the direction of integration for the inside integral. The green arrow indicates the direction of integration for the outside integral. With change of variables g, the new region is sliced as shown below.

Again, gold arrows indicate the direction of integration for the inside integral. The green arrow indicates the direction of integration for the outside integral. Directions of arrows are inferred by applying the change of variables to the start points and end points of the original arrows in (x₁, x₂) space.

The Jacobian determinant of g(u) is

By change of variables formula [2.168], the integral becomes

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