Value-at-Risk Theory and Practice

The first advanced book on value-at-risk

Chapter 3, Page 122
Exercise 17

Below are described four three-dimensional random vectors: W, V, X, and Y. Assuming their second moments exist, which of the random vectors has a singular covariance matrix?

a. Components V1 and V2 are independent. Component V3 = 2V1 – 5V2 + 1.

b. Components W1 and W2 are independent. Component W3 = W1 – log(W2).

c. Components X1, X2, and X3 represent next year’s total returns for three different companies’ common stocks.

d. Components Y1 and Y2 represent tomorrow’s prices for the nearby 3-month Treasury bill and 3-month Eurodollar futures. Component Y3 represents tomorrow’s price difference between those two futures.

Solution

a. W has a singular covariance matrix because its components are linearly related.

b. V has a non-singular covariance matrix. Although its components are related, that relationship in not linear.

c. X has a non-singular covariance matrix because its components are not linearly related.

d. Y has a singular covariance matrix because its components are linearly related.

 

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