Exercises
A forward portfolio has primary mapping
[9.43]
where 1R1 is a forward price and 1R2 is an interest rate. Use gradient approximation [9.23] at point
[9.44]
to construct a linear remapping of [9.43].
Solution
Prove that realization [9.31] is on ellipsoid [9.30].
Solution
Repeat our cocoa options example using ordinary interpolation to construct a remapping of form [9.41]. Do so according to the following steps:
- Based upon the coefficients required for form [9.41], select five points pk on the unit sphere centered at 0, as described in Section 9.3.8.
- Use formula [9.31] with q = 2 to project the points from item (a) onto ellipsoid [9.30]. This will yield five realizations 1r[k]. Add to these realization 1r[6] = 1|0μ for a total of six realizations.
- Use [9.38] to value 1P at each realization to obtain six points for interpolation (1r[k], 1p[k]). Black’s (1976) pricing formula for call options on futures is
[9.45]
where
[9.46]
[9.47]
and
- s = underlying future’s price;
- x = strike price;
- y = time to expiration in years;
- r = maturity y continuously compounded (actual/actual) interest rate;
- v = implied volatility for strike x and maturity y;
- Φ = CDF of the standard normal distribution.
We are assuming cash valuation. We use 1-month Libor in [9.45] out of convenience (despite the fact that USD Libor is for 2nd day settlement and the expiration for the option is only approximately 1 month). You do need to convert Libor rates from simple actual/360 to continuous actual/actual before using them in [9.45]. At time 1, there will be 28 actual days until the options’ expiration.
- Apply ordinary interpolation to the six points (1r[k], 1p[k]) from part (c) to obtain a quadratic remapping of form [9.41].
Arrange 11 points in a minimum energy configuration on the surface of a sphere in four dimensions.
Solution