# 7.3.6 Uniformly Weighted Moving Average (UWMA) – Implicit Assumptions

###### 7.3.6  Implicit Assumptions

Our description of uniformly weighted moving average (UWMA) estimation of 1| 0Σ is operational. It describes how 1| 0Σ is estimated without justifying the methodology in terms of a formal time series model. This is because the methodology is ad hoc. It is described by many authors and is widely used, but it has never been formalized.

A reasonable interpretation of the methodology is that it treats the white noise time series {, … , –10} as a realization {1[1], … , 1[], 1[+1]} of a sample {[1], … , [], [+1]} for the unconditional distribution of . Estimator [7.10] is applied to the realization to estimate the unconditional covariance matrix 1. This is used as a proxy for the conditional covariance matrix .

In order for {[1], … , [], [+1]} to be a sample, terms  must be unconditionally IID. In addition, using 1 as a proxy for  assumes that 1 = . Accordingly, uniformly weighted moving average estimation seems to entail three assumptions:

• terms  are unconditionally identically distributed;
• terms  are independently distributed;
• 1 = .

Because  is white noise, all terms  have identical unconditional means and covariance matrices. It does not necessarily follow that they are unconditionally identically distributed; but it is reasonable to assume that they are.

The fact that  is white noise does not ensure that terms  are independent. Indeed, they likely are not. This is not a serious problem. As white noise,  is assumed to have no autocorrelations or cross correlations. What dependencies may exist between terms  are unlikely to seriously effect our estimate of the unconditional covariance matrix 1.

Finally, while it is always possible that 1 =  by coincidence, in order for it to be generally true, we require that  = t | t–1 for all t. Since  is white noise, it is unconditionally homoskedastic, so  is constant. Consequently, the condition
t | t–1 requires that t | t–1 be constant. In other words, it requires that  be conditionally homoskedastic. Most markets exhibit conditional heteroskedasticity, so this is unreasonable.

Consider Exhibit 7.6, which indicates daily simple returns for the SGD/USD exchange rate during 1997. The returns exhibit pronounced conditional heteroskedasticity.

Exhibit 7.6: Daily simple returns for the SGD/USD exchange rate during 1997.

The second half of 1997 ushered in a period of turmoil for Asian markets, which came to be known as the Asian flu. This is evidenced in Exhibit 7.6 by an increase in the volatility of the SGD/USD exchange rate, commencing around July of that year. Suppose today is January 1, 1998, and a US investor holds a USD 10MM spot position in the SGD. We want to calculate its 1-day 95% USDvalue-at-risk. For this we need an estimate of the conditional standard deviation 1|0σ1 of the SGD/USD exchange rate. We can calculate this using a uniformly weighted moving average, but how much data should we use? If we use an entire year of daily return data, we obtain an estimate for 1|0σ1 of .0043. If we use only the most recent 3 months of data, we obtain an estimate of .0066. These correspond to positionvalue-at-risks of USD 71,000 and USD 109,000, respectively. A decision as to how much historical data to use with a uniformly weighted moving average has a significant impact on the value-at-risk calculation.